Foreign trade knowledge | foreign trade necessary knowledge of shipping

 

has beenShippingAll of them are closely related to international trade. Today, let's talk about shipping.

 

Recently, globally importantShippingRoutes have fallen sharply. According to the Shanghai Shipping Exchange2Month18The news released on the day showed that the freight rates of European routes, Australia and New Zealand routes and other routes were down.ShippingPrices directly affect the trade cost and order demand of large consumer goods in China.

 

 

In global trade,ShippingOccupy a very large market, demand is stable and huge. From a global perspective,ShippingIt is one of the most important modes of transport in the international exchange of goods, and the proportion of cargo transport to the total international cargo transport is about.80%Above. From a domestic point of view, our country is currently about95%The volume of international trade goods is through.Shippingcompleted,ShippingIt is currently the largest mode of transportation in China's foreign trade.

 

 

ShippingExpense calculation

 

Foreign TradeShippingThere are generally two ways to charge: the first is the whole container sea freight calculation, the whole container sea freight=Basic sea freight+Shippingsurcharge; secondShippingLCL cost calculation, sea LCL cost=Calculated by volume and weight, whichever is greater.

 

1

FCL calculation

 

Full boxShippingFee=Basic sea freight+Sea freight surcharge. Among them:“Basic sea freight”It is formulated by the shipping company and will not change within a certain period of time.“ShippingSurcharge”Divided into: fuel surcharge, port congestion surcharge, etc. Usually the price quoted by the freight forwarding company is.“ALLIN”The price is the sum of the above two costs.

 

1.Basic freight

 

Basic freight=Unit basic freight×Number of whole cases

 

2.Port Surcharge

 

Port Surcharge1 =Unit Port Surcharge×Number of whole cases(Surcharge by number of boxes)

 

Port Surcharge2 =Unit Port Surcharge×Number of votes(Surcharge on the basis of votes)Number of votes explained:For example, you arranged a shipment.2One20’GP,Out of aShippingThe bill of lading is classified as one vote.

 

2

LCL ocean freight calculation

 

ShippingLCL charges=Calculated by volume and weight, whichever is greater.

 

1.Calculated by volume=Unit basic freight×Total volume(Unit of measurement:CBM –cubic number) (ShippingThe minimum billing in a LCL is1CBM,That is to say, your goods are not available.1CBMAlso have to press1CBMBilling)

 

2.by weight=Unit basic freight×gross weight(Unit of measurement:TONtons) (The minimum charge in LCL is1TON,That is to say, your goods are not available.1TONAlso have to press1TONBilling)

 

3.LCL surcharge calculation:

 

Port Surcharge1:=Unit LCL Surcharge×RT(PressRTCalculated Surcharge)

 

Port Surcharge2:=Unit LCL Surcharge×Number of votes(Surcharge on the basis of votes)

 

(Number of votes explained:For example, you arranged a shipment.2TicketsShippingLCL cargo,A sea way bill of lading is classified as one vote, which is generally less common.)

 

 

Which to chooseShippingCost is more cost-effective

 

In general, which one to chooseShippingCost effectiveness depends on several factors:

 

1

Quantity and size of goods

 

If the number of goods is small and the size is small, the sea LCL may be more economical;

 

If the cargo is large in quantity and size, FCL may be more cost-effective.

 

2

Destination and distance

 

If the destination is far away andShippingFor a long time, the cost of the whole container sea freight is relatively low;

 

If the destination is close,ShippingLCL charges may be more economical.

 

3

Degree of time urgency

 

If time is tight and the goods need to be delivered to their destination as soon as possible, air transport may be a better option;

 

If time is relatively generous, thenShippingIt is a more economical option.

 

4

Required level of service

 

If a higher level of service is required (e. g. cargo tracking, insurance, etc.), FCL may be more appropriate;

 

If the service level is not high,ShippingLCL charges may be more economical.

 

Considering the above factors, you can choose the most cost-effective way of shipping according to the actual situation. Of course, when doing export business, you also need to pay attention to the packaging of the goods, the preparation of shipping documents and customs duties and other related matters.

 

 

AboutShippingSurcharge

 

Shippingexpenses“Pure freight”In addition, there are a variety of surcharges, such as fuel surcharges, currency devaluation fees, terminal handling fees and so on, today to take you to understand.

 

ShippingSurcharges generally refer to various additional fees charged by the carrier to compensate for losses due to various reasons such as ships, cargo, ports and others that will increase the carrier's shipping costs in transportation, and on the basis of maintaining a relatively stable basic rate (Surcharges，Additional Rate）。

 

1

Common Sea Shipping Surcharges

 

Fuel surcharge (BAF）

 

Due to the increase in fuel prices, the ship's fuel expenses exceed the fuel costs in the original approved transportation costs, and the shipping company will not adjust the basic freight rate to compensate for the increase in fuel costs.

 

Low Sulphur Fuel Surcharge (LSS）

 

A surcharge to compensate for the increased cost of using low-sulphur fuel oil for ships sailing in the new sulphur oxide emission control area.

 

Currency devaluation fee (CAF）

 

Surcharges imposed by shipping companies to compensate for losses in the currency exchange process due to changes in exchange rates in international financial markets, resulting in the devaluation of the currency in which freight is charged.

 

Terminal loading and unloading charges (THC）

 

The cost of goods from the ship's rail to the container yard.

 

Other Common Surcharges

 

Surcharges derived from cargo characteristics, such as overweight, overlong and oversized surcharges; surcharges derived from transportation and port reasons, such as direct shipping surcharge, transshipment surcharge, port surcharge, etc.; temporary surcharges, such as port congestion surcharge, detour surcharge, alternative discharge port surcharge, change discharge port surcharge, peak season surcharge, etc.; surcharges derived from other reasons, such as container imbalance surcharge, safety surcharge, inland fuel surcharge, etc.

 

If you cannot determineShippingWhether the surcharge should be included in the customs price, you can apply to the local customs for a pre-determination of the price.

 

2

ShippingThere are several ways to put goods, what is the difference

 

In international trade, understanding the common ways of releasing goods can not only ensure the safety of goods, but also deliver the goods to customers in a timely manner through different ways, which means that the payment can be recovered as soon as possible to avoid capital turnover difficulties. The following focuses on internationalShippingSeveral kinds of delivery methods and differences:

 

1Electric discharge (Telex Released）

 

（1) Definition: Short for Telegraph Release. The bill of lading information is sent to the shipping company of the port of destination by electronic message or electronic information, and the consignee may exchange the bill of lading with the electric discharge and the electric discharge guarantee stamped with the electric discharge seal. The shipping company notifies the port of destination agent to release the goods without the need for the original bill of lading, as long as it proves that it is the consignee and the person to be released, you can pick up the goods. Popular is that the consignor does not have to take the bill of lading, the consignee with identification to pick up a way of delivery.

 

（2) process: the procedure of electric release is very simple, the letter of guarantee to the shipping company to apply for electric release, the shipping company will agree to send the bill of lading information through electronic messages or electronic information form to the destination port shipping company to notify the destination port agent to release the goods, the consignee can be stamped with the electric release seal of the copy of the bill of lading and the letter of guarantee for the exchange of single pick-up.

 

（3) Advantages: convenient, fast and safe, which can reduce the risk of losing the bill of lading.

 

（4) Disadvantages: The shipper cannot control the right to the goods, and the electricity is charged with additional electricity.

 

（5) Note: Not all countries can do electricity, such as Cuba, Venezuela, Brazil and some countries in Africa.

 

2,OCEAN BILL（B/Locean bill of lading)

 

（1) Definition: Original bill of lading issued by shipping company. It is a kind of real right certificate.,The consignee takes delivery of the goods accordingly,It can be transferred by endorsement,is an important document;ShipperWill get the original bill of lading from the freight forwarder, scan.CNEE（Consigneethe abbreviation, I .e. the consignee), after arranging payment,ShipperThen send the whole set of bill of lading by express mailCNEE,CNEETo exchange the original bill of lading for the delivery of goods;ShippingThe bill of lading is used more.

 

（2) Process: The consignor gets the original bill of lading and scans it to the consignee. After normal payment, the consignor sends the whole set of bill of lading to the consignee by express mail, and the consignee takes delivery of the goods with the original one-way shipping company in exchange for the bill of lading.

 

（3) Advantages:ShippingBill of lading is a document of real rights, by virtue of this way to release goods, than other ways without a single release risk is small, and there is no additional document costs, international shipping more than the use of this way of delivery.

 

（4) Disadvantages: Not suitable for short-haul shipping, which can easily lead to delays in import pick-up and additional demurrage charges.

 

 

 

Paper bills of lading will exit the Jianghu.

 

2Month15Day, Digital Container Shipping Alliance (DCSA) official website announced that before the global10In the big ship company9home ocean carriers (members includeMSC, Maersk, Dafei, Hapg-Lloth, Evergreen,ONE,HMM, Yangming, Yixing) commitment5During the year will50%The original bill of lading is digitized, I .e., using a bill of lading based onDCSAStandard electronic bills of lading (eBL),2030Annual realization100%digitization, thereby accelerating the digitization of container trade. Paper bills of lading are no longer used, a move that could save stakeholders65$billion in direct costs, achieving an annual300-400billion in global trade growth, transforming the customer experience and improving sustainability.

 

3,SWB(Sea waybill)

 

（1) Definition:Sea Way BillShort for, is a form of bill of lading. Once outSWB, the right to goods fromShipperTransferCNEEthe, that is to sayCNEEYou can pick up the goods directly,SWBThere is no original or electricity charge for picking up the goods, and this form of delivery can be used for trusted companies.

 

（2) Advantages: It is fast to issue orders, pick up goods, convenient and fast, and one less electricity discharge fee than electricity discharge. It is mostly used for: after all the payment is received, it can be paid out.ShippingSingle; multinational companies, subsidiaries in China, are specifically responsible for purchasing for foreign parent companies, in order to facilitate the delivery of goods, can be out.ShippingSingle.

 

（3) Disadvantages: There is generally no way to control the goods.

 

4Port of destination release

 

（1) Definition: that is, the meaning of release. This method of release is used less, in the following special circumstances, will use this kind of release situation: the loss of the bill of lading, by the consignor to write a letter of guarantee to the shipping company or agent to release the bill to the consignee.

 

（2) Application Scenario: This method is generally not used in the absence of special circumstances.

 

To summarize the differences:

 

SWBIs the ship's bill of lading, a bit similar to the electric discharge, but confirmed to do.SEA WAY BILLAfter the goods arrive at the port, the agent will directly release the goods to the consignee;

 

And if the electricity is put on, even if the goods arrive in port.NFor a long time, as long as the consignor does not notify the agent in writing to release the goods, the agent will not release the goods to the consignee;

 

SWBwithB/LThe main difference isSWBWithout the function of the document of real right, the bill of lading is a kind of document of real right, the bill of lading can be transferred by endorsement (indicative bill of lading), the sea waybill cannot be transferred, and the consignee of the sea waybill can only be the consignee indicated on the sea waybill;

 

As long as the customer's payment is collected, the above forms of delivery are not risky.